If you are just starting a business or have been in one for a while, you quickly understand the importance of keeping good records. And as a financial person, having an owner that understands the basics of great bookkeeping makes it so much easier to help that owner understand what those books are telling him or her. So on that front, presented here are four keystone bookkeeping concepts that are worthy of discussion.
Selecting the proper accounting method. There are two different methods for recording transactions: cash-basis and accrual-basis. In general, the cash-basis method records a transaction when a payment is made or cash is received, while the accrual-basis method records the transaction upon delivery of the good or service, either as a sale or as a cost. Small businesses often use cash-basis as it is easier to track. Larger businesses who buy from vendors on account (accounts payable) generally use accrual-basis accounting. The key is to understand what method your business uses and whether it uses the same method for your books as it does on your tax return. The IRS allows the cash basis method for tax purposes for the majority of small business, but once a choice is made, it can only be changed with proper reporting to the IRS. Things to consider: How important is the matching principal to your business? This aligns revenue with related costs to get a clean picture of interim profitability. If this is important, accrual might be best. What about the importance of cash flow? If high, using cash basis will get you answers more quickly.
Create an account structure that fits the company. The main types of accounts in a business are assets, liabilities, equity, income, cost of goods sold, and other expenses. Each group will often have numerous accounts and sub-accounts associated with them. Having the right mix of accounts, created and grouped in an organized fashion, will help you properly classify transactions and prepare usable financial statements. Things to consider: If there is little activity in an account, consider summarizing it with other like items. Know why you need an account before you create it…to make business decisions? to compare to last year? for tax reasons?
Enter accurate and timely transactions. The value your data provides is dependent on each transaction being recorded correctly and on time. Entering transactions in the wrong account can cause major issues down the road. Financial reporting that is delayed can hide problems that need immediate attention. Some transactions are relatively straightforward, and some are more complex (like payroll, accruals, and deferrals).Things to consider: Conduct a flash report the first day of each month. This will get the ball rolling.
Establish financial statements for decision-making. The purpose of your statements should be to help you run your business and make decisions. For the bank, it’s to see if you are a great risk to lend money. To the government, it’s to pay taxes. Or for the prospective buyer, to value your company’s worth. Things to consider: Really understand the three key financial statements (income statement, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows). Know how they inter-relate and understand how to read them to make better decisions. What key accounts are the drivers of your business? What is the bank looking at?
If properly executed, your bookkeeping system will create accurate financial statements that can be used to make key financial decisions. Feel free to call with any questions or to discuss bookkeeping solutions for your business.
Cybercriminals are sidestepping two-factor authentication. Here’s how you can stay ahead.
Every day, cybercriminals try to access bank accounts, take over email inboxes, and harvest personal information using passwords purchased in bulk from underground marketplaces. Using two Factor Authentication (2FA), also known as multi-factor authentication, is a way to help block these break-ins by requiring a second form of verification. As you might expect, attackers are adapting and learning how to work around it.
Here’s a look at how criminals are getting past 2FA and how adding more security layers can help you.
How thieves are circumventing 2FA
In response to widespread use of 2FA, underground forums began sharing phishing kits, SIM-swapping playbooks, and malware designed specifically to intercept verification codes and session tokens. What started as basic credential harvesting evolved into coordinated, real-time attacks built to outmaneuver 2FA rather than defeat it outright.
Most methods of sidestepping 2FA involve exploiting human behavior rather than breaking encryption. Attackers capitalize on urgency, confusion, distraction, and trust, to manipulate you into approving login requests or sharing verification codes that were meant to keep intruders out. Because these attacks target weaknesses that exist beyond the password itself, meaningful protection must extend beyond relying on 2FA alone.
Strengthening Online Protection Beyond 2FA
Here are some tips to help protect your accounts from theft.
Use authenticator apps or hardware security keys instead of SMS-based codes. Text messages can be intercepted or redirected through SIM-swapping schemes, while authenticator apps generate time-based codes on your device and hardware keys require physical interaction, making remote compromise far more difficult.
Enable biometric authentication where available. Fingerprints or facial recognition add a personal, physical layer to the login process, limiting the usefulness of stolen credentials and reinforcing account access with something uniquely tied to you.
Monitor account activity and enable login alerts. Real-time notifications about new devices or unusual sign-ins allow you to respond quickly, reset credentials, and prevent further unauthorized access before damage escalates.
Practice phishing awareness by checking URLs, avoiding suspicious links, verifying requests. Many attacks hinge on deception, so slowing down to confirm website addresses and independently validate urgent messages can stop credential theft in its tracks.
Use strong, unique passwords with a password manager. Password managers generate complex combinations and prevent reuse across accounts, reducing the impact of data breaches and credential stuffing attacks.
Keep devices updated to reduce malware risk. Software updates patch known vulnerabilities that attackers actively exploit to steal session tokens, capture keystrokes, or install surveillance tools.
Consider identity monitoring services for high-value accounts. These services can alert you when personal information appears in breach databases or underground marketplaces, giving you time to change things before your data is sold to someone who will attempt to attack your accounts.
Encourage adopting a layered security mindset. Combining multiple safeguards creates overlapping protection, making it significantly harder for attackers to bypass your defenses.
Two-factor authentication remains a powerful online defense, but true digital resilience comes from layering protections. As cyber threats evolve, your security strategy must do so as well.
Creating a sound financial foundation for you and your family is a great goal. Here are five thoughts that may help.
Pay yourself first. Treat saving money with the same care you pay your bills. Take a percentage of everything you earn and save it. Using this technique can help build your savings balance and keep you from living paycheck to paycheck.
Know and use the Rule of 72. You can roughly calculate the number of years compound interest will take to double your money using the Rule of 72. Do this by dividing 72 by your rate of return to estimate how long it takes to double your money. For example, 10% interest will double an investment in 7.2 years; investments with an 8% return will double in nine years. Use this concept to understand the power of saving and investing.
Use savings versus debt for purchases. Unpaid debt is like compound interest but in reverse. For instance, using a credit card with a 12% interest rate to pay $1,500 for home appliances costs over $2,000 if paid back over 5 years. The result is that you have to work harder and earn more to pay for the items you purchase. A better idea may be to save and then buy your dream item.
Understand amortization. When a bank loans you money, it gives you a specific interest rate and a set number of years to pay it back. Each payment you make contains interest as well as a reduction of the amount owed, called principal. Most of the interest payments are front-loaded, while the last few payments are virtually all principal. Making additional principal payments at the beginning of the loan’s term will decrease the amount of interest you pay to the bank and help you pay off the loan more quickly.
Taxes are complex and require help. Tax laws are complicated. They are made even more complex when the rules change, like this year!. Even worse, the IRS is not in the job of telling you when you forget to take a deduction. The best way to stay out of the IRS spotlight AND minimize your taxes is to ask for help.
Tax credits are some of the most valuable tools around to help cut your tax bill. But figuring out how to use these credits on your tax return can get complicated very quickly. Here’s what you need to know.
Understanding the difference
To help illustrate the difference between a credit and a deduction, here is an example of a single taxpayer making $50,000 in 2025.
Tax Deduction Example: Gee I. Johe earns $50,000 and owes $5,000 in taxes. If you add a $1,000 tax deduction, he’ll decrease his $50,000 income to $49,000, and owe about $4,800 in taxes.
Result: A $1,000 tax deduction decreases Gee’s tax bill by $200, from $5,000 to $4,800.
Tax Credit Example: Now let’s assume Gee has a $1,000 tax credit versus a deduction. Gee’s tax bill decreases from $5,000 to $4,000, while his $50,000 income stays the same.
Result: A $1,000 tax credit decreases your tax bill from $5,000 to $4,000.
In this example, your tax credit is five times as valuable as a tax deduction.
Credits are usually worth more
Credits are generally worth much more than deductions. However there are several hurdles you have to clear before being able to take advantage of a credit.
To illustrate, consider the popular child tax credit.
Hurdle #1: Meet basic qualifications
You can claim a $2,200 tax credit for each qualifying child you have on your 2025 tax return. The good news is that the IRS’s definition of a qualifying child is fairly broad, but there are enough nuances to the definition that Hurdle #1 could get complicated. And then to make matters more complicated…
Hurdle #2: Meet income qualifications
If you make too much money, you can’t claim the credit. If you’re single, head of household or married filing separately, the child tax credit completely goes away if you exceed $240,000 of taxable income. If you’re married filing jointly, the credit disappears above $440,000 of income.
Hurdle #3: Meet income tax qualifications
To claim the entire $2,200 child tax credit, you must owe at least $2,200 of income tax. For example, if you owe $3,000 in taxes and have one child that qualifies for the credit, you can claim the entire $2,200 credit. But if you only owe $1,000 in taxes, the maximum amount of the child tax credit you can claim is $1,700.
Take the tax credit…but get help!
The bottom line is that tax credits are usually more valuable than tax deductions. But tax credits also come with lots of rules that can be confusing. Please call to schedule a tax planning session to make sure you make the most of the available tax credits for your situation.
Couples often name money as a major source of tension – but it can also become one of your greatest tools for building trust and momentum together. When approached intentionally, money stops being a stressor and starts becoming a strategy. Here are some ideas for creating financial harmony with your long-term partner or spouse.
Be radically transparent. Honesty about money should start early. Both partners should understand the full financial picture including income, debts, savings, investments, and credit history, says everydayhealth.com. Major obligations such as student loans, credit card balances, or family financial responsibilities should never come as a surprise years into the relationship. Secrecy around money erodes trust quickly.
Transparency also extends beyond numbers. Spending habits, avoidance tendencies, and emotional triggers around money matter just as much as account balances.
Have recurring future-focused conversations. Make space for proactive conversations about where you are headed financially. Children, career moves, business ventures, caregiving, travel, and retirement all carry financial implications. If your long-term visions drift apart, put them back on a common course.
According to Mutual of Omaha, consider revisiting these discussions periodically. Goals and priorities evolve, and staying aligned requires ongoing communication.
Understand each other’s financial comfort zones. Two people can earn the same income yet feel very different levels of security, says the financial tech company Beem.com. One may view a mortgage or low-interest loan as practical, while the other prefers minimal debt and maximum stability.
Talk through specific scenarios, for example how much savings feels safe, what level of debt is acceptable, and what qualifies as a splurge. These conversations reveal deeper beliefs about risk and security. The objective is not to win the argument, but to understand each other’s reasoning.
Divide responsibilities, but build shared competence. One partner may enjoy the details while the other prefers strategy. Divide responsibilities accordingly, but avoid letting one person disengage completely, suggests The Gottman Institute.
Whether it is paying bills, managing investments, or meeting with advisors, both partners need to understand the accounts, obligations, and key documents. This includes access to the accounts in case of an unforeseen health event.
Turn conflict into collaboration. Disagreements are inevitable. One partner may prioritize experiences, while the other focuses on saving or upgrading practical needs. Rather than turning these moments into battles, the website theknot.com says to approach them as shared design challenges. Look for solutions that respect both security and enjoyment – perhaps adjusting the scale of a purchase or setting aside personal spending allowances.
When couples approach money as a shared strategy rather than a recurring argument, something powerful happens. Financial discussions stop feeling like threats and start feeling like planning sessions for a future you are intentionally building together.
Filing your 2025 tax return may feel like crossing a finish line. In reality, this moment is the starting point for smart tax planning during 2026. Here are several ideas to kick start your own tax planning cycle.
If you get a big refund, adjust your withholdings. A large refund may feel rewarding, but it often means you gave the government an interest-free loan all year. This money could have supported debt reduction, savings, or investments, instead. After filing, revisit your Form W-4 and run a projection for 2026. Fine-tuning your withholding improves monthly cash flow and reduces the likelihood of over-correcting later in the year.
If you have a big tax bill, review estimated tax payments. A significant balance due is more than an inconvenience. It may signal under-withholding or insufficient quarterly estimates. Early in the year is the ideal time to correct course. Review income sources, especially self-employment, investment, or bonus income, and adjust estimated payments accordingly.
Plan now to take advantage of the $1,000 above-the-line charitable donation deduction. With an above-the-line charitable deduction available ($2,000 for married couples), thoughtful giving becomes even more strategic. Consider your cash flow to optimize the timing of donations. Spreading contributions across the year may make budgeting easier, while ensuring you fully utilize the deduction.
Review retirement contribution limits for 2026. Confirm contribution limits for IRAs, 401(k)s, and other qualified plans for 2026, and evaluate whether you can increase deferrals. Even modest monthly adjustments can significantly reduce taxable income over the course of a year. Starting early also makes it easier to reach maximum contribution thresholds without straining year-end cash flow.
Plan HSA contributions and medical expenses. Health Savings Accounts offer a rare triple tax benefit – deductible contributions, tax-free growth, and tax-free qualified withdrawals. Review eligibility, contribution limits, and anticipated medical expenses for 2026. Coordinating planned procedures, prescriptions, or ongoing care with your funding strategy can enhance the tax benefit while keeping healthcare spending organized and predictable.
Take into account life events. Major life changes often reshape your tax profile. Marriage can alter filing status and bracket exposure. Divorce may affect dependency claims and support payments. A new child can unlock credits and deductions. Anticipating these shifts allows you to update withholding, adjust estimated payments, and plan eligibility for credits before the year unfolds.
Pay attention to no tax on tips and overtime. Accurate tracking becomes essential if you receive tip and/or overtime income. Confirm how your employer reports this income and ensure payroll systems reflect proper treatment. Employers and business owners must also review compliance procedures. Understanding how these earnings are classified early in the year helps prevent reporting errors and maximizes any available benefit.
The most effective tax strategies are built early. Use your filed 2025 tax return as a starting point, make adjustments now, and give your 2026 plan room to work in your favor.
Fraud and embezzlement don’t just happen at large companies. In fact, theft may be more common in small businesses because many lack internal controls that are typically in place at larger organizations. But the good news is that effective internal controls don’t have to be complicated or expensive.
The best way for your business to battle fraud is to create a segregation of duties framework. With segregation of duties, you split the responsibilities for each of three different areas: authorization of cash expenditures, physical custody of cash and reconciliation of cash expenditures to different individuals.
Here’s what you need to know:
Segregate cash disbursements. Payment responsibilities should never rest with a single individual. One employee should review and approve vendor bills, while another processes the payment. The person preparing checks should not have authority to sign them. Electronic payments and fund transfers require similar separation – one person initiates the transaction, another reviews the details, and a separate, authorized manager gives final approval. The same layered approach applies to purchase orders: one team member issues or requests the order, another approves it, and payment is released only after proper review. Dividing these duties ensures management has visibility into how funds are spent and significantly reduces the risk of error or misappropriation.
Segregate control of cash. Have an owner or manager occasionally spot check incoming electronic transactions and tie them to the company bank account. If you receive physical checks, have an owner or manager open the mail before passing it on to accounting. That’s one way to detect unusual transactions before they’re recorded in the company books. Alternatively, you might ask someone separate from accounting to open the mail and prepare a deposit slip, or prepare a daily reconciliation of all transactions.
Pay special attention to ACH receipts. Unlike physical checks which leave a paper trail and involve multiple handling steps, ACH payments post directly to a bank account without anyone physically touching the money. This convenience reduces natural oversight points. If the same person has access to online banking and records receipts in the accounting system, errors or intentional misstatements may go undetected.
Segregate reconciliations. For companies with limited resources, a periodic review of bank reconciliations by someone outside of accounting can provide a mitigating control. Non-accounting personnel performing these reviews will need to be trained. They’ll need to understand the risks involved and the types of unusual or unsupported transactions needing further investigation. Cross training staff also helps to ensure continuity of operations when accounting employees take vacations or leave the company. Or better yet, bring in an outside accounting expert to conduct periodic audits of key functions.
Management by wondering around. As an owner, periodically review your bank accounts and the activity in them. Ask questions about transactions that are large. Even if you already know the answer, your team will know you are looking. The same goes with your general ledger. Get access to the ledger and periodically look at the details behind an account or two. You may be surprised what you find. Again, your questions will show your engagement and the randomness of this activity will serve as a simple audit technique.
Segregation of duties can help your company keep track of cash and help prevent theft by an employee before it happens.
This year marks 250 years of American independence, which also means two-and-a-half centuries of spirited debate over taxes. From the nation’s earliest days, revenue has been raised in inventive, controversial, and occasionally head-scratching ways, often followed closely by creative attempts to avoid it. To mark this anniversary, our annual tax quiz explores the lesser-known, stranger corners of U.S. tax history.
In the 1790s, the federal government imposed a tax that sparked armed resistance in western Pennsylvania. What was the tax actually on?
A. Horse ownership B. Whiskey distillation C. Imported tea D. Playing cards
B – The Whiskey Tax wasn’t aimed at casual drinkers but at distillers, many of whom were small frontier farmers turning grain into shelf-stable income. To them, the tax felt like a coastal money grab, and protests escalated into the Whiskey Rebellion. George Washington personally led troops to put it down, proving two things early on – the federal government would enforce tax laws, and Americans would complain loudly about them.
During the Civil War, Congress briefly experimented with a federal income tax. What was one unexpected thing taxpayers were allowed to deduct?
A. Bribes paid to avoid the draft B. The cost of hired farm labor C. Losses from shipwrecks D. Beard-grooming expenses
C – Shipwreck losses. In an era when commerce moved by sea and river, losing a shipment to a wreck was a real business risk. The government recognized this long before it figured out depreciation schedules or standardized forms. Sadly for the bearded, personal grooming never made the cut.
In the early nineteenth century, tariffs were the federal government’s main revenue source. Which item was once considered so politically dangerous to tax that it helped trigger a constitutional crisis?
A. Wool coats B. Iron nails C. Imported hats D. Cheap British textiles
D – Cheap British textiles. Protective tariffs raised prices on imported cloth to support American manufacturers, but Southern states relied heavily on imports and exports. The resulting tariff fights fueled the Nullification Crisis, where South Carolina flirted with ignoring federal law entirely. It turns out fabric can tear a nation, metaphorically and almost literally.
Before payroll withholding existed, how did many Americans pay their income taxes during World War II?
A. By mailing cash in envelopes B. Through quarterly visits from IRS agents C. In a single painful lump sum D. With war bonds only
C – One lump sum. Taxpayers were expected to save throughout the year and then pay all at once, which went about as well as you’d expect. Withholding was introduced partly to fund the war efficiently and partly to stop widespread shock, confusion, and strongly worded letters to Washington, D.C.
In 1895 the Supreme Court ruled a federal income tax was unconstitutional. What was the main reason?
A. It unfairly targeted farmers B. It violated states’ rights C. It wasn’t apportioned among the states D. Congress forgot to define income
C – Apportionment. The Constitution required certain taxes to be divided among states based on population, not income. The income tax didn’t do that, so it failed on technical grounds. The 16th Amendment later fixed this, proving that sometimes the solution to tax problems is more paperwork at the federal level.
At various points in U.S. history, Congress has taxed purely to change behavior rather than raise money. Which of these was explicitly intended to discourage its use?
A. Colored margarine B. Wooden houses C. Cheap paper D. Public theaters
A – Colored margarine. To protect dairy farmers, from the 1880s to 1950 Congress taxed margarine that was artificially colored to look like butter. The result was grayish margarine and widespread consumer resentment. Eventually, common sense – and better food science – prevailed.
How Did You Score?
5 – 6 correct: You could probably audit the 18th century. Historians salute you, accountants trust you, and the IRS would like to know your availability for consulting.
3 – 4 correct: You may not be ready to draft tax policy, but you’d absolutely survive a colonial tavern debate about whiskey taxes.
1 – 2 correct: Consider this your official introduction to the wonderfully strange world of U.S. tax history, and a reminder that some of these questions would have puzzled people in the actual centuries they happened.
Saving for retirement is not a one size fits all journey, as each stage of life comes with different priorities, pressures, and opportunities. No matter where you are in your journey, here are savings tips from established financial publications and organizations to consider for every age.
In Your Twenties – Building Early Habits
For many people, this decade is less about large balances and more about establishing patterns. Financial education outlets frequently emphasize the long runway available to younger savers. Investopedia.com discusses the long term impact of starting early and allowing time to work in your favor.
Common themes during this stage include:
Developing a regular saving habit, even in small amounts
Exploring employer sponsored retirement plans, when available
Learning basic investment concepts over time
Treating retirement contributions as part of monthly expenses
Expanding skills and experience that may increase earning potential
In Your Thirties – Adding Structure
As careers and family responsibilities grow, retirement planning often becomes more deliberate. For example, Charles Schwab provides a decade-by-decade overview of how retirement priorities may shift during this phase of life.
Conversations during this decade often revolve around:
Reviewing contribution levels as income changes
Understanding how employer matching programs work
Paying attention to debt and interest costs
Considering how lifestyle decisions shape long term finances
Evaluating career growth or additional income opportunities
In Your Forties – Taking Inventory
Mid-career can be a natural time to assess progress and revisit long term projections. Many financial institutions have programs that address these topics.
Topics frequently discussed include:
Reviewing current balances alongside projected needs
Understanding how high interest debt may affect cash flow
Identifying gaps between current savings and future income goals
Revisiting contribution levels and investment allocations
Checking Social Security earnings records for accuracy
Considering whether new income streams may strengthen retirement readiness
In Your Fifties and Sixties – Focus on the Finish Line
As retirement moves closer, planning conversations often shift toward income timing and lifestyle expectations. AARP maintains a retirement resource center that covers considerations commonly discussed in the years leading up to retirement.
Areas that frequently come into focus include:
Continuing to save where possible
Eliminating or reducing outstanding debt
Thinking through retirement timelines and income sources
Factoring healthcare and lifestyle preferences into cost expectations
Clarifying what retirement may look like day to day
Timeless Principles That Apply at Any Age
No matter where you fall on the timeline, a few core ideas always support progress.
Automate savings to remove decision fatigue
Avoid comparing your progress to others with different circumstances
Revisit your plan occasionally rather than ignoring it entirely
Focus on what you can control today
The Bottom Line – Start Where You Are
Retirement planning is not about catching up to someone else’s path. It is about making the best decisions you can with the resources you have right now. Wherever you are starting from, taking action today creates options for tomorrow.
With the individual tax-filing deadline on Wednesday, April 15th, now is the time to complete all filing arrangements and payments.
What follows is information typically provided in our filling instructions to you when the tax return is completed.
However, upon review, it makes sense to provide this information to everyone, whether you have filed or not. It is good information to know, so if you have not already done so, ask yourself these questions:
Did you sign your e-file authorization form? IRS Form 8879 needs to be signed by you before your taxes can be e-filed. If filing jointly, your spouse needs to sign as well. If you haven’t already, please return the signed form ASAP to ensure that your taxes can be e-filed on time. But don’t sign it before reviewing the tax return. Remember, this signature means you agree with the accuracy of the tax return.
Do you need more time to file? If you are not ready to file your taxes before the initial April 15th deadline, you can file for a six-month extension. Be aware that it is only an extension of time to file – not an extension of time to pay taxes you owe. You still need to pay all taxes by April 15th!
Do you owe money? If yes, make your tax payment now! The IRS has several payment options on their website. If mailing a payment, include Form 1040-V and ensure the mail is postmarked on or before April 15th. Sending the payment by certified mail will ensure you have proof of a timely payment. Late payments, even by one day, are subject to IRS penalties and interest.
Do you need to deposit funds in your IRA or HSA? Did you claim an IRA or HSA contribution on your tax return? In order for the deduction to be valid for 2025, all deposits to those accounts need to be made by April 15th. Once completed, save proof of the contribution with your 2025 tax files.
Do you need to make an estimated tax payment? The first quarter estimated tax payment for 2026 is also due by April 15th. If you owe taxes for 2025, making 2026 estimated payments might make sense for you. A quick way to calculate a first quarter payment is to divide the taxes you paid in 2025 by four, then adjust this number for any paycheck withholdings. Send your payment along with Form 1040-ES to the IRS by April 15th. Then schedule a tax-planning meeting to determine the best approach for the remainder of the year.
If you do miss a deadline, file your return and pay the taxes as soon as you can to stop the accruing of interest and penalties.
